In which scenario do orographic thunderstorms typically occur?

Orographic thunderstorms are directly associated with the presence of mountainous or sloping terrain. They occur when moist air is forced to rise over elevated ground, such as a mountain range or hills. As the air ascends, it cools, resulting in condensation and the formation of clouds and precipitation. This process can lead to the development of thunderstorms, particularly when there is sufficient moisture in the air.

This phenomenon is distinct from other scenarios, such as those involving cold fronts or individual thunderstorms, as orographic thunderstorms specifically rely on the uplifting effect exerted by the topography. Being over water typically would not create the same uplifting situation, and individual thunderstorms do not necessarily involve the orographic process but may be influenced by various atmospheric conditions. Thus, the correct context for orographic thunderstorms is their relationship with sloping ground, emphasizing the importance of elevation in their formation.