What does the term "wake turbulence" refer to?

Wake turbulence refers specifically to the chaotic airflow patterns that are generated as an aircraft moves through the air, primarily due to the effects of its wings. When an aircraft flies, the wings create lift, which results in the formation of vortices – spiral patterns of rotating air – at the tips of the wings. These vortices can persist for some time after the aircraft has passed and can pose a significant hazard to following aircraft, especially during takeoff and landing.

The understanding of wake turbulence is crucial in aviation safety, particularly in determining safe separation between aircraft during various phases of flight. Pilots and air traffic controllers must take into account the weight and size of the leading aircraft to apply appropriate spacing for those following.

The other options describe aspects of aviation but do not accurately refer to wake turbulence. For instance, the turbulence generated by engine thrust relates more to jet wash, environmental conditions surrounding an airport encompass a broader spectrum of influences on flight operations, and turbulence caused by stormy weather refers to atmospheric disruptions rather than the specific airflow patterns created by an aircraft in flight.