What type of turbulence occurs due to the interaction of land surfaces with atmospheric conditions?

Mechanical turbulence occurs when airflow is disrupted by obstacles such as buildings, mountains, or trees, which are part of the land surface. As the wind moves over these surfaces, it can create eddies and variations in wind speed and direction. This type of turbulence is often more pronounced at lower altitudes, particularly during takeoff and landing phases of flight, where the aircraft is close to the ground and affected by the terrain.

The other options represent different types of turbulence: Frontal turbulence occurs when air masses with different temperatures and densities collide, while daytime convection relates to turbulence generated by the warming of the Earth's surface leading to rising currents of warm air. Shear turbulence arises from changes in wind speed or direction at different altitudes, often associated with jet streams or weather fronts. Each of these types of turbulence is influenced by factors distinct from the direct interaction of land surfaces with atmospheric conditions.